Organisation and Management †Assignment One Essay

For the purpose of this assignment I have chosen transport and logistics company Mainfreight Limited. I will be focusing specifically on the outbound night crew. This team is responsible for loading freight from the Wellington region onto trucks to be sent to branches across New Zealand. Inside this team there is one supervisor who works with the loading team on the floor also loading and is responsible for smooth daily operations. The mid level manager is the Operations Manager who is responsible for the supervisor and implementing organisational plans such as reducing damages to freight. The top manager in this case is the Branch Manager who sets goals for the branch and oversees planning for the future. Q1) An economic reason for a truck loading crew operating at night is that it’s cheaper to travel at night due to faster travel times and less fuel consumption for the trucks on empty roads I think this reason applies most strongly to my organisation because it will increase the profit. A social reason for the organisation is that there is less risk of accidents late at night on empty roads. A personal reason to form this organisation could be a love for trucks. Q2) Figurehead: The most well known figurehead of Mainfreight Wellington is the branch manager, an activity could be a speech at the grand opening, skills he would need include public speaking competency and reliability. Entrepreneur: The entrepreneur of the branch initiates innovative solutions and change to the organisation such as the branch manager diversifying from road transport to including rail or sea transportation. Some skills needed for this role are creativity and brevity. Resource allocator: Within my organisation this role is filled by the operations manager, who distributes resources such as equipment like forklifts and workers if needed to fulfill the crews workload. Some skills needed for this role are time management and planning ability. Disseminator: An activity a manager in this role might perform is gathering information from customers and producing estimates of freight quantities for the truck loaders who could then plan how they layout their loads. Skills need ed are the ability to gather and analyze information. Q3) ‘Soldiering’ by Frederick Taylor is when workers purposely limit output by not working to full capacity in order to avoid causing redundancies and to avoid losing incentive pay by exceeding required performance levels. The impacts of workers ‘soldiering’ on my organisation could mean that if there is a large influx of freight and workers don’t load it all that night, the delay could anger the customer who will then take their business elsewhere. If workers are soldiering performance will not be maximized and low productivity could cause a fall in capital investment and the eventual decline of the business. Q4) ‘Time and motion studies’ streamline task processes by reducing inefficient motions and then once the task process has been adjusted through motion studies the time studies then seeks to reflect a standard length of time in which the refined task process should be completed. Time and Motion studies’ are a technique to increase task efficiency by workers to increase the output with no greater physical effort. An impact of T&M studies on my organisation is that incoming freight is placed in bays so loaders do not have to go back and forth to the unloading area.

drugs and alcohol on college students Essay

Drugs and alcohol, do they have a significant impact on the lives of college students or just the ones that fall short to the influence? There is a major problem with students using and abusing these substances, not only does it have negative effects on the user, but on the user’s friends and family as well. A lot of drugs and alcohol become easily available to college students over the course of their college years. What can be done to help prevent students from abusing drugs and alcohol? Overall, drugs and alcohol do have a serious effect on the lives of college students. In college it is extremely hard for some students to have self-control. According to the article, â€Å"Alcohol and Drug abuse†, a study indicated that 90% of students admitted to have consumed an alcoholic beverage in college, while 50% of the students also admitted to smoking marijuana. These statistics show that most students will be around drugs or alcohol at one point during their experience. Additionally, One of the many reasons that students drink or do drugs is because it is their first taste of freedom away from home. Not to mention, no parents on their back, no rules, and you can go â€Å"home† (dormitory, apartment, house, etc†¦) anytime you want, why would a teen not take full advantage of this opportunity? That is one of the main issues and students do not know how to say the word as simple as no sometimes. Not only do students get hooked on this kind of behavior but also could potentially take it too far. Some say drinking is a stress reliever from school, work, or even personal problems. Furthermore, alcohol, as well as drugs, are very addictive and can cause many problems for one down the road. At least once a month, half of the college students in America drink or abuse drugs. A conducted survey showed around 22% of students have a higher rate abusing substances compared to the general public. Nonetheless, these students claimed they use drugs to help forget about problems and help relax  and reduce stress. Since 2005, the students that claim they abuse marijuana has more than doubled, but the amount of students that claim to use alcohol has stayed average. (insert info). This sort of behavior very rarely stems from the choice made of a single individual but is mostly influenced by peer pressuring friends as a way to fit in. Alcoholism does have an effect on the social lives of students. Some say â€Å"you are who your friends are†, in some aspects they are right. The friends chosen to spend the days with throughout college do have a significant role in a lifetime. Whatever their decisions may be, could influence the person one strives to be. The influence others can make in life seems daring and unbelievable. Research states that students Frat houses and sororities also have an impact on drinking habits developed throughout college.  Greek life can be a big part of ones college experience. Membership in fraternities or sororities may play a part in drinking in college. Greek life does play a part throughout campus by typically throwing open house parties and social gatherings including none greek life students. Statistics show that greek members do more drinking than regular students and is also known as â€Å"the greek effect†. However, this does not mean that these same developed habits will stay with them following the college years. They say after students graduate and leave the college atmosphere that their studies do suggest a decrease in drinking. Once they leave they are not involved in a socially acceptable atmosphere for heavy drinking and partying. Greek life or not, drinking still raises a concern for college students. Drugs and alcohol are huge concerns across the United States. A Harvard University study showed that underage students who drink are more likely to over abuse their tolerance level compared to twenty-one year olds, which is also the legal drinking age in America. It is unbelievably easy to access alcohol for many underage students and could be a reason to why they turn to drinking. Some could even argue that alcohol is the biggest gateway drug. A study from the University of Florida explains why they believe alcohol is  a bigger gateway drug than marijuana. The study showed that substance use begins with the most sociably acceptable drugs, being alcohol and tobacco, then proceeds to marijuana use and lastly on to other illegal, harder drugs, like cocaine. Furthermore, students who used alcohol exhibited a significantly greater likelihood up to sixteen times of illicit and licit substance use. Alcohol is what’s being put on a pedestal, so students seek it out. When majority of students drink, they binge drink. This is one of the worst ways to consume alcohol and have harsh side effects. Campuses do not realize how harmful this is to the student body and mind. There should be more programs to raise awareness and inform students of the effects of alcohol abuse. If peers, professors or other influential members of the community see a problem within a student they should be able to refer them to counseling and seek proper help needed. Peers do play an influential role in pressuring others to party and do drugs, especially roommates. Male students that consumed alcohol or abused drugs in high school that came to college and became roommates with another male that was similar to them in high school could have negative effects on each other and are probable to increase their consumption into college. Female students were found to not be as pressured by their roommates and were more probable to carry on their individual high school ways throughout college. Drinking alcohol as a young adult will more than double the chances of neurotoxicity and cause harmful cognitive effects as oppose to people that start drinking later in life. Almost every community in America is affected by underage drinking. Every year the statisitics of how young kids will start to drink increases. Children from the ages of twelve to seventeen that first encounter alcohol has increased by over one million in a span of five years. (The neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students). Here are many consequences to extreme drinking. Every year there are on average 1,825 deaths from injuries and car accidents caused by people  driving while intoxicated. (insert info). Assault and sexual assault chances also increase when alcohol is thrown into the equation. Studies show how poorly students perform on exams, papers, and also how far they fall behind because of acquired drinking habits. 19% of students fall into the category of alcohol dependence.

Jessica Swindle Essay

In this time and age, a lot of people are struggling for their lives. We can never deny the fact how tough it is to deal with the circumstances that come along our way and it is imperative for us to weigh our capabilities in order to make our best and live our lives to the best of our abilities. As Merwin epitomized his thoughts on his â€Å"Eskimo Poem†, he freely exemplify the perception of what it entails to live in this world and at the same time possess the grip to what is in store for you in the future. At the beginning of the poem, the tender emotion shoot in as one wonders what life could bring each and every single of his life. But along the way, to some extent there is bit scepticism as the challenges hinders the happiness of a person. â€Å"But I am leaving the shore in my skin boat, it came to me that I was in danger and now the small troubles look big† (Mervin), during the moments that we feel we are alone with our predicament and that we can no longer bear the confrontation of life we tend to look for another way wherein we can build our lives again. Indeed, as the poem utters â€Å"and the ache that comes from the things I have to do every day big† (Merwin), it only means one thing, and that is to find alternative measures to make our lives better. In this regard, it was thoroughly elucidated how trials expands and it is only our hope that can uplift our spirit. â€Å"But only one thing is great only one, this in the hut by the path to see the day coming out of its mother and the light filling the world† (Merwin), positively, at the end of the day there is always a light that will shed our fears and will shelter our minds and hearts. Like the poem, we should find contentment with our lives even if it will take to some place and to different level of maturity. Acceptance of dare could be a proliferating factor in order for us to be great in the paths that we are taking.

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Company Research Paper

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Company - Research Paper Example Our purpose simply states, â€Å"We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper† (Procter and Gamble 1.1). This is remarkably evident in our â€Å"Live, Learn and Thrive† cause. The fundamental of this program includes the opportunity of our company to protect, enhance or improve the lives of millions of children around the globe. As a multinational company we are covering almost every part of the world, so it is not impossible for us to be able to touch millions of lives of children from all walks of life. One important goal in our â€Å"Live, Learn and Thrive† scheme is to provide access to education among less privileged children. Furthermore, we focused on buildin g skills for life among less fortunate children. What we remarkably relied on in order to achieve these basic goals are our expertise, technologies and resources in order to successfully continue touch and improve lives. This is truly what we are all about as what we really perceive we are. Under our â€Å"Live† cause is to help children start off to a healthy beginning by providing them free health, medical and dental check up and other related nutritional related activities. Under the â€Å"Learn† program is access to education and finally the â€Å"Thrive† initiative is about building skills for life (Procter and Gamble 3.3). This aims to achieve sustainability in the future for both us and our community. As a global company we remarkably are working at present in 180 countries. Definitely, our P&G Hope Schools project belongs to our â€Å"Learn† initiative due to its basic theme and objective in education. Among the many programs we have under the P&G’s

Tourism Policy and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Tourism Policy and Planning - Essay Example Hong Kong offers visitors the opportunity to experience the glimpse of its culture which is a fascinating experience as this great city has successfully combined the essence of an ancient and a modern world. Hong Kong acquired independence from Britain and became part of main land china in 1997. This transition changed tourism in the city a lot as many infrastructures were built afterwards. Natural parks, Disney land, and different hotels were built later. Since then, tourism has become an important role of Hong Kong. (Tsang, 2007). According Kwong (1997), Hong Kong has at least 118 hotels with about 43,866 rooms with an average tenancy rate of 85 per cent and an average length of stay of overnight visitors of 4 nights. The Tourism Commission (TC) of Hong Kong was mandated in May 1999 by the government of mainland china to put in place a variety of tourism growth efforts and to provide better policy hold up and leadership on the part of government to the growth of tourism in Hong Kon g. The commission aims to make Hong Kong Asia’s premier international city and a world-class destination for leisure and commerce tourists. The Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) and the government work in agreement to bring in the community. It is healthy for the tourism industry that the community and the government work closely together. Literature review Tourism is travelling and staying in an unusual environment for leisure, recreation, or business among other purposes. Building on this understanding, it is agreeable that the tourism industry has experienced a substantial growth for the duration of the last century. Currently, tourism has become a global activity of leisure and recreational purposes, where most travelers spend time exploring and resting in attraction sites that are available around the world. Such attraction sites have unique features that are favorable to human enjoyment and perceptions. The features include great buildings, artwork, new cultures, and langu ages, historical and geographical sites, amongst other reasons. Such features in a given destination make tourists to travel several miles in order to experience their impacts towards the society. It is easy to wonder what tourists/consumers bring back after several days of total relation and or enjoyment of the great facilities, wonderful views and delicious food. Nonetheless, experience is an important benefit of the vacation. Consumers’ needs and wants noticeably differ, but gaining some positive (or negative) experiences is a predictable result of consuming the services/products they buy. Experience, or rather consumption experience, relates to the total outcome to a consumer from the combination of goods, environment as well as services purchased. Altogether, the nature of such experiences is vital for the tourism and hospitality industry especially considering that products associated with this industry are always experiential. This assessment demonstrates an understand ing of the experiential nature of tourism and hospitality marketing. This is achieved through addressing various issues such as; the nature of the experience economy, importance of experiences in tourism and hospitality, and the concept of experimental marketing from a broad perspective. The first issue to examine is the nature of the experience economy. Economic experience is rather a new vision for a new economic era. In this

The popular english accents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The popular english accents - Essay Example Accent is descriptive of pronunciation and not vocabulary or grammar. English speakers who are not native to the UK tend to integrate the phonemic and intonation inventory into their English pronunciation from their mother tongue. Among the native speakers, there exist many accents. Some of these accents from specific regions, for example, the Pennsylvania Dutch English, can be identified easily by particular characteristics. There are further variations that can be found in the regions discussed in this report; for instance, the towns that are found less than 16 km from Manchester like Salford, Oldham, and Bolton posses varying accents that all form the collective Lancashire accent (Giegerich, 2011: p28). However, in extreme circumstances, they are different such as to be noticed by listeners, not from the area. People from various regions have a lot of room for misunderstanding; the manner in which one word’s pronunciation in a specific accent will sound different when said in another accent. For example, the word petal when pronounced in American English is different from its pronunciation as pearl by the Scottish. Methodology This research will utilize a methodology that was first used by Ainsfeld and Lambert in the late 50s and early 60s. The methodology was further refined by Bourhis and Giles and involves the important feature of matched guise that employs one person speaking in two accents that are different (Yan, 2009: p716). All attempts were made minimizing the paralinguistic variables like number of hesitations and reading speed. However, paralinguistic variations do occur, despite this minimization on these variables. Therefore, it was important to consider this, especially because of the monotonous reading style in the recordings. The practice voice used in the study was meant to familiarize the listeners with the questions they were to fill in the questionnaire found in the appendix. The study was interested in impressions that were create d in listeners by the speaker. Often, it is possible to tell where the speaker is from using the voice alone, for instance, when one hears a stranger talk on the radio or even on the telephone. The listeners were given recordings of various speakers with the speaker saying similar things and were obligated to pay attention to the way the person sounded rather than the content of the speech (Yan, 2009: p717). After hearing each speaker, the subjects, were expected to take a moment to think and then answer the questions in the questionnaire according to their impression. The subjects were not expected to take too much time in answering but were, rather, expected to give their first impressions with no wrong or right answers (Yan, 2009: p717). Discussion The United Kingdom, probably, is the nation that is most obsessed with accents in the entire world. With accents that are believed to have been shaped through many years of history, few nations that speak English have as many varieties of the language in a space as small as the UK (Donn & james, 2011: p25). The following were the accents that were identified during the study. Received Pronunciation This accent is the closest we have to a standard accent in the United Kingdom. While it originated from London English, at present, it has no specific region of origin. This accent is especially common in Oscar Wilde plays, Merchant ivory films, and Jane Austen adaptations. Received

United States v. Jones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United States v. Jones - Essay Example In the making of court decisions involving the fourth amendment of the Bill of Rights, three critical aspects are considered. The aspects include the kind of activities considered by the government to constitute searches and seizures, the probable cause constituted by the actions in the government activities, and the appropriate mechanisms of addressing the violations of the fourth amendments (Wetterer 94). In the case between the state and Jones, it is in order to put clear some facts to understand the unfolding of events in the court decision and reasons for such decisions. First, Jones, who is the respondent in the case, is the owner and operator of a nightclub come under suspicion that he could be dealing in drug trafficking. Based on the above occurrence, police after conducting their investigations sort for a warrant from the Federal District Court, which the courts granted for to use of a GPS tracking device on the Jeep registered to Jones’ wife, which, however, driven exclusively by Jones (McDonald and Means 112). However, the officers failed to beat the ten-day deadline issued and instead put the GPS tracking device on the car to track on the car’s movement on the eleventh day while in Maryland, outside of DC, which the permit granted. With the help of satellite, the GPS device was in a position to monitor the car’s movement for twenty-eight day, sending i ts data to a government-monitored computer and producing data comprising of over 2,000 pages over the same period (McDonald and Means 62). From the findings, Jones was charged for conspiracy of cocaine distribution by the government. Concerning the evidence presented to the court by the state, the judges suppressed the data obtained from the GPS while the car was parked in Jones garage while holding the remaining data based on the aspect that Jones had no expectation of privacy whenever the car was in a public place at the pre-trial hearing of the case (Arcila 88).

History of canadian labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of canadian labour - Essay Example (Bitterman 4) Bitterman argues that many farmers began life in the Maritimes as employees, citing Jones’ three-tier system of those with capital who could hire other people, those who could support themselves and those who needed to off-farm work while undergoing the process of farm-making. He argues that thousands of people fell into this third category, thereby not having independence. Bitterman uses many primary sources to support this claim from document of the landlord John Cambridge to Lord Selkirk and the accounts of Kavanaugh. While these sources provide strong evidence for the initial dependence of early settlers on wages, they do not truly explode the myth of independence, since it is clear that often these dependencies were only true for as long as it took to establish the farm. Indeed Bitterman refers to wage work ‘in the early stages of farm-making’. (Bitterman 5). It is also necessary to consider the fact that these sources, while useful, are limited in scope and Bitterman expands this limited evidence to account for thousands of immigrants in this period. Bitterman also argues that independence varied depending on the yield and weather conditions and a family that one year was independent could be forced to seek paid work the next. He takes as evidence the observations of Baddeck who noted that even 30 years after settlement occupants of hundreds of farms in the area were not truly independent. Bitterman also traces the variety of labour opportunities available and the way in which the settlers moved between paid work and labour on their farms, using as evidence documents relating to the MacNutt farm among others. From ship building to textiles, the possibilities for paid employment are varied and Bitterman’s account is compelling in its completeness and usage of primary sources. However Bitterman accepts that the calculations of the degree of dependency of farmers on wages

APA citation Activity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

APA citation Activity - Assignment Example The citation requires surname of the author, followed by date, both within brackets. The works-cited page shall have full details of this particular source, starting with the surname of author. In case, there is no author then the title of the source publication must be mentioned in brackets. If there is no date available on the publication, then â€Å"nd† must me mentioned, along with the author surname, with a space after the coma. An example of such citation is given here. (In-Text Citations: The Basics, nd) â€Å"Current trends have shown an increase in volunteer work throughout the nation. According to the organization ‘Americas Promise’ (2011), current volunteering numbers are the highest they have been in 30 years. The Organization also claims that compared to the preceding generation, middle-aged Baby Boomers have been volunteering at higher rates than ever before. Survey from this organization revealed that the proportion of senior volunteers, aged 65 and over, has risen to 64 percent, since 1974. (Americas Promise, 2011)† â€Å"In order to achieve and maintain career success, potential employees must possess basic knowledge and applied skills for the workplace. According to The Conference Board (2010), half of surveyed employers say workforce readiness is also the responsibility of potential employees (para. 3). New entrants should not rely solely on what they have been taught in college, but rather try and learn on their own as well. In recent years, it has become apparent that most college graduates do not write at a proficient level. According to the Conference Board nine out of ten employers say writing is very important for four-year college graduates (Conference Board, 2010, para. 3).† â€Å"New entrants should not rely solely on what they have been taught in college, but rather try and learn on their own as well. In recent years, it has become

School Reformation Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School Reformation Policies - Essay Example First of all, I would suggest smaller classes with more and highly qualified teachers for disabled students and those with special needs and backgrounds. In addition to reducing the number of students per teacher, more care and time must be afforded to these groups. This would help even the achievement gap that has not been emphasized on at all, in NCLB. For example, both blacks and whites are seen to be equally improving and so the gaps are still left unchecked. This must not be the case, and extra attention must be paid to correct this gap. Special students like the blind for instance, during examinations, must have provisions to have questions read out to them.Secondly, I would urge for measurement of improvement and academic progress per student as opposed to the collective assessment under NCLB. It is possible for schools to retain high ratings even at high achievement gaps since NCLB only measures average school performance. Achieving 100% same-state standards by 2014 as is env isioned in the Act is unrealistic, to say the least as many variables are often involved especially in disability cases. This is a simple illusion.Carris’ Ghosts of No Child Left Behind (2011) further states that the NCLB Act requires only a bare minimum of standards to be met without specific attention to any further improvement beyond the set minimum. It simply groups everyone together as one and discourages any personal talent and improvement in the long run, as all students are simply to be above average. Gifted students are awfully maligned and their enhancement disregarded hence. In some states like Michigan, state funding for gifted and talented programs was cut by up to 90% in the year after the Act became law. I am also of strong opinion that cutting funds for ‘failing’ schools only serves to hinder even more, any chances they have to regroup and improve performance potential. On the contrary, it is my belief that such schools

Phase 3 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example The addict exhibits some changes in sleep and appetite patterns, with a loss in weight (Henderson, 2012). The individual deteriorates in physical appearance, and he exhibits a foul body odour. By studying their behavioral attitudes, an addict’s attendance and performance in academic affairs or employment significantly drops. He engages in suspicious behaviors, and has unexplained need for money. He portrays some violent behaviors, and has a sudden change of friends. Psychologically, an addict has a change in attitude and personality. He exhibits tendencies of outbursts of anger, and unnecessary mood swings. He lacks motivation, and is always anxious and fearful. Specifically, the following are the warning systems that a person is abusing marijuana. The individual has some red and glassy eyes. He exhibits some characteristics of unnecessary laughter, which is followed by sleep. A marijuana abuser losses interest, lacks motivation, and experiences some elements of weight loss. People abusing depressant drugs are always sleepy, and they do not have a clear sense of judgment. They are slurred in their speech, and clumsy. Those who abuse Heroin show some signs of contracted pupils, and loss of appetite. They vomit, sweat and cough a lot, with some signs of needle marks. There are numerous symptoms of drug abuse, and just like the warning signs of drug abuse, the symptoms of drug abuse vary. There are also some general symptoms of drug abuse, which are reflected on anyone using these drugs (Pagliaro and Pagliaro, 2012). The general symptoms of a person using drugs are, a change in behavior, for instance of a person was characterized by a sense of calmness, he starts to exhibit some elements of violence. The individual portrays some unexplainable mood swings, with unstable emotional conditions. That is at one time he is jovial, the suddenly he becomes gloomy. He gets unconcerned

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Essay The definition of an allegory is a â€Å"symbolic expression of meaning in story† (world English Dictionary). In the novel, The Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, is about a group of young British boys who get stranded on an island and have to survive themselves with no help from the outside world. This novel can be viewed as an allegory in three different ways, first as a political allegory, next as a psychological allegory and finally as a religious allegory. The Lord of the Flies can first be viewed as a political allegory. This is in comparison to World War II. At this time the world was divided into parts, the free world and the Soviet Union. In this novel it is just like how the island divided into two groups, Jack’s group and Ralph’s group. After the Cold War, the world was in fear of a nuclear destruction of the world. In The Lord of the Flies the world is also in fear of total destruction. In conclusion this novel could be used to compare wars or political separation with the outside world beyond the island the young British boys on. Second, this novel is a psychological allegory. Different characters were used to represent the different parts of the human psyche. Jack is used to represent the id, Piggy the superego and Ralph is the ego. As the id, Jack works to create his natural instinct. While Piggy, representing the superego, tries to control Jacks impulsive behavior his control back fires. Throughout the story, Piggy tries to keep peace between Jack and Ralph. Lastly, The Lord of the Flies, can be viewed as a religious allegory representing the Garden of Eden. The island was a perfectly livable island. It had food, warm weather, and a source of water. The snake in the Garden that lures Adam and Eve to eat the apple is just like the beastie who tricks the other boys to do what they aren’t supposed to do. While Piggy, his death, and the parachutist represent the fall mankind. Plus, Simon is kind of like a Christ figure who sacrifices himself to save the others. In conclusion, the book The Lord of the Flies is jam-packed with allegories. Whether it’s a political, psychological or religious allegory, the novel has far too many of examples to name them all.

The Atlantic Charter Churchill And Roosevelt Legendary Meeting History Essay

The Atlantic Charter Churchill And Roosevelt Legendary Meeting History Essay August 8, 1941, the crew of Britains newest battleship HMS Prince of Wales was cleaving her way at top-speed through the unrelenting heavy seas of the Atlantic to Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Onboard this ship is British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, who had made the voyage across the Atlantic where President Roosevelt eagerly awaited the onset of discussions fateful to the outcome of the Second World War. On August 9, 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met onboard the American cruiser U.S.S. Augusta anchored off the coast of Newfoundland. The discussion between the two leaders at the meeting would result in a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter. It promptly created a critical alliance which supported Britain in its fight against the Nazi Regime. Subsequently the agreement established post-war goals for World War II and laid the groundwork for future international peacekeeping organizations. Two years prior to the beginning of World War II in the spring of 1938, German speakers living in the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia began favoring for closer ties with Germany. Hitler began to support those requests and favored reclaiming the Sudetenland. He had recently annexed Austria into Germany and the conquest of Czechoslovakia was the next step in his plan of creating a greater Germany (Sep 30, 1938). Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was intent on averting war, although the Czechoslovak government hoped that Britain and France would offer assistance in the event of a German invasion (Sep 30, 1938). Chamberlain traveled twice to Germany to offer Hitler favorable agreements, but the German chancellor kept increasing his demands (Sep 30, 1938). International tension increased when Hitler began demanding the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia be under the control of the German government. In an attempt to resolve the crisis, Chamberlain met with the leaders of Germany, France, and Italy in Munich to discuss the terms of handling the Sudetenland. Within the early morning hours of September 30, 1938 Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Èduoard Daladier of France, and Neville Chamberlain of Britain signed the Munich Pact, which sealed the fate of Czechoslovakia, virtually handing it over to Germany in the name of peace (Sep 30, 1938). The Munich Pact sacrificed the autonomy of Czechoslovakia on the pedestal of a very short peace term (Sep 30, 1938). The peace of the world only lasted eleven months before Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 (Friedrich). In response to Hitlers violation of the Munich Agreement, Britain signed with Poland the Polish-British Common Defense Pact, which guaranteed the integrity of the Polish state. Chamberlains decision to sign Poland after the dismemberment of the Czechoslovak state meant Britain, along with France were committed to protecting a nation where they had no common borders (Invasion of Poland). Reacting to the Anglo-Polish alliance, Hitler negotiated the German-Soviet Pact of August 1939, which made Poland partitioned between the two powers, enabled Germany to invade Poland without Soviet intervention (Invasion of Poland). On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland and later on September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded the eastern part of the coun try. Britain and France, standing by their guarantee declared war against Germany September 3, 1939 (Invasion of Poland). This was the beginning of World War II. The Phony War was the label given to the period of time between September 1939 and 1940 when Britain and France had not fought in combat. For several months, German troops sat and waited while French forces held their defenses (The Finest Hour). The Phony War would come to an end on April 9, 1940 when Hitler began a successful attack on Denmark and Norway. Then on May 10, German troops launched a blitzkrieg attack on the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The German army was quickly advancing across Europe and would soon cross the line of fortifications that protected France. On June 10, 1940, Hitlers armies swept throughout the region of France with Frances defeat only a matter of time, the country fell under Nazi control on June 22 (The Finest Hour). After the fall of France, Prime Minister Churchill faced the possibility of invasion coming from France, across the English Channel. Churchill amassed the British navy to stand between Hitler and England. In an attempt to demolish the Royal navy, Hitler turned to the Luftwaffe, Germanys air force, to destroy Brittans air defenses. The intense attack called the Battle of Britain would continue for three months where day after day as many as a thousand German airplanes dropped bombs within the city of London and Britain (The Finest hour). By the end of 1941, Britain had experienced a shortage of war materials that they were unable to pay for and was fatigued by the constant air raids from the Germans. Churchill, in favor for an alliance with the U.S., tried to communicate with Roosevelt to facilitate the sending of military supplies over to Britain (The Finest hour). Bounded by the Neutrality Act of 1939, the U.S. was not permitted to release arms to any warring country unless on cash and carry terms (Decker and Chiei 2). Without antagonizing the isolationist who wanted to keep the U.S out of international affairs, Roosevelt constructed the Lend-Lease Act, a bill that empowered the president to sell, transfer title to, lend, lease, or dispose of [articles of defense to] the government of any country the President deems vital to the defense of the United States. The Lend-Lease Act provided the British with planes, tanks, guns, artillery, and ammunition without them paying for it. Bypassing the legislation would prove c ritical to sustaining U.S. allies and would be necessary for continued preparation for what appeared to be the inevitable involvement of the U.S. in WWII (Decker and Chiei 2). Throughout 1940 and 1941, Churchill attempted to win the confidence of Americans by demonstrating his trust in them. Roosevelts presidential advisors Averell Harriman and Harry Hopkins were invited by Churchill to meet Britains highest military leaders (The Finest Hour). Broad- ranging talks would consolidate policy during the meetings (Robbins). Outlining his views on strategy to win the American alliance in the war, Churchill reassured his guests that the Japanese would not enter the war until they were sure that we were beaten. They did not want to fight the United States and the British Empire together (qtd. in The Finest Hour). The roaring advance of Hitlers Nazi army had widened the war rapidly and Hitlers attack on Russia had created the need for a Roosevelt-Churchill summit meeting (Robbins). Roosevelt planned for a meeting between the two leaders that was privately held off the coast of Newfoundland. The President objective for the meeting was to cement relations with Britai n and to discuss terms on the Lend-Lease Act. Churchills objective was to draw the U.S. into WWII and secure more help for the British (Behind Closed Doors). Boarding the British battleship HMS Prince of Wales on August 4, 1941, Churchill proceeded on his voyage to meet with the President. Cruising through malignant waters of the Atlantic Ocean filled with enemy submarines and raiders shrugged off the dangers and continued to toil away at official papers and increasing Roosevelts support for the war (Robbins). Churchills departure was kept at utmost secrecy to outmaneuver Hitlers Kriegsmarine. While Churchills whereabouts were kept hidden, however, because the Americans were still at peace, presidential locations were fully located. The White House told the nation that Roosevelt was enjoying a fishing holiday onboard the Presidential yacht Potomac. Once Roosevelt left the surveillance of the nation, he joined the U.S.S Augusta and continued his voyage to Placentia Bay under the shield of planes and destroyers (Robbins). The destiny of the world would depend on the effectiveness of the policies agreed by Winston and Churchill. After the attack on Russia by the Germans on June 22, 1941, Churchill immediately aligned with the Russians and arranged the signing of a pact to provide possible aid. On August 9, 1941, Churchill met Roosevelt onboard the U.S.S. Augusta, anchored off the coast of Newfoundland in Placentia Bay. This would mark the beginning of high-level collaborations that would continue until the end of the war (The Finest Hour). During the meeting at Newfoundland, there was a discussion on a strategy to block the anticipated military moves of Hitler and Mussolini. Those present at the meeting felt that combined American and British staff had enough to outwit the axis dictators, though a round table alliance was scarcely the type of structure Hitler was likely to employ with Rome and Tokyo (Robbins). Future moves for the war were coordinated at the meeting to ensure that Hitlers despotism was destroyed. The issue of the Far East and Japan had to be taken care of, also including the issue of Vichy France and the best means of keeping the French battleships out of German hands (Robbins). The stature of the meeting was manifest in the way the two leaders came together for Sunday service on the battleship Prince of Wales. A symbolic moment at war took place when military leaders and sailors of both nations mingles together to sing hymns that Churchill had selected (The finest Hour). On the last day of the meeting Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which expressed a commitment to the principles of self governance and freedom for every country, called for the destruction of the Nazi tyranny, and looked forward to free trade, cooperation, and peace among all nations. The post-war goals the leaders discussed became points laid out in the charter that were for the betterment of the world: (1) Countries shall not seek territorial gain, (2) If the citizens or governing government do not approve of territorial gain, then there shall be none, (3) The rights of people should be respected and not deprived from them, (4) Economic prosperity and trade should Endeavour between the two countries, (5) Collaboration between nations of improved labor standards, economic prosperity, and social security, (6) After WWII, hopes to see established worldwide peace and people have the freedom of speech, (7) If such peace is achieved, then people should be able to be fr ee to move around the world without intervention, (8) All the nations of the world should abandon the use of weapons. (Atlantic Charter). In London September 24, 1941, the delegate of the ten allied nations including the Soviet Union proclaimed allegiance to the Atlantic Charter. U.S. neutrality ended December 7, 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Hitler declared war and the U.S. inevitably entered WWII, along with its allies Britain and Russia. During WWII, although Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin were allies, tensions arose between the great three leaders. The glue that held the Anglo-American-Soviet alliance together during the war was the determination to defeat Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and Japans military government reaching for control of East Asia (Uneasy Allies). The leaders held discreet aims for their respective countries that were in conflict with each other, though by temporary muting their differences they allowed their alliance to survive. Debate arose concerning from the first point of the Atlantic Charter; Countries shall not seek territorial gain. A key issue was Roosevelts mistrust of Britains imperial ambitions. The question was asked Would Britain give up its Nations of Commonwealth in order to comply with the standard of the charter?. Britain had imperialistic motives and Roosevelt did not agree with them, he saw the charter as a solution to end it (BBC). Declarations two and four of the charter lai d the foundations for granting of independence to Britains colonial empire which began as early as 1947. Meanwhile another territorial issue was brewing with one of the Allies. Stalins ideological post-war degrees about control over nations increased tensions between himself and Churchill. At the Teheran meeting, Churchill and Stalin made percentage agreements over how much each nation school control Europe. An agreement was never reached and this has proved to have cause strained tensions against the Soviet Union for attempting to spread communist rule around Eastern Europe (Uneasy Allies). Today, we see proof of the Atlantic Charters lasting impact when people of free nations try and collaborate to try to rescue those victimized by tyrants. The goals laid out by President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at that diplomatic meeting in August 1941 has laid the foundation of peacekeeping organizations, that strive to keep at equal human rights. Organizations such as the U.N and NATO have sprung from the principles of the charter, created nearly six decades ago, its intent still worthwhile today. The alliance forged at Placentia Bay between two great leaders would prove to be successful in defeating the Nazi Regime and keeping worldwide peace.

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition Definition of Monopoly Monopoly is a well defined market structure where there is only one seller who controls the entire market supply, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. This sole seller in the market is called â€Å"monopolist†. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word â€Å"mono†, meaning â€Å"single†, and â€Å"polist† meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. The monopolist is faced by a large number of competing buyers for his product. Evidently monopoly is the antithesis of competition on. In a monopoly market, the producer, being the sole seller, has no direct competitors in either the popular or technical sense. Thus, the monopoly market model is the opposite extreme of competition. Features of Monopoly The features of a monopoly are: The monopolist is the sole producer in the market. Thus, under monopoly, firm and industry are identical. There are no closely competitive substitutes for the product. So the buyers have no alternative or choice. They have either to buy the product or go without it. Monopoly is a complete negation of competition. A monopolist is a price maker and not a price taker. In fact his price fixing power is absolute. He is in a position to fix the price for the product, as he likes. He can vary the price from buyer to buyer. Thus in a competitive industry, there is a single ruling price, while in a monopoly, there may be differentials. A monopoly firm itself being the industry, it faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. That means it cannot sell more output unless the price is lowered. A pure monopolist has no immediate rivals due to certain barriers to entry in the field. There are legal, technological, economic or natural obstacles which may block the entry of new firms. Since a monopolist has a complete control over the market supply in the absence of a close or remote substitute for his product, he can fix the price as well as quantity of be sold in the market. Abuses of Monopoly Though a monopolist has complete freedom in determining his own price, there are some limits to his power. These are listed below: The demand curve of a monopolist slopes downwards. This is shown as demand curve DD of the monopolist in Figure. On such a curve, a monopolist cannot choose both Price and Output to be sold. He has to determine one of these quantities. If he chooses higher price P1 he has to be satisfied with smaller sales of quantity Q1. If he prefers larger output Q2 he will have to charge lower price P2. The second constraint on monopoly power arises out of the income and willingness of consumers. If the monopolist attempts to charge a price as high as Pn his sales fall to zero. So even though a monopolist has complete freedom to charge any high price this freedom is restricted by the consumer’s ability to purchase goods. Finally, monopoly power also depends upon elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is rigid or less elastic the monopolist has a greater degree of control. As the demand curve becomes more flexible or flatter the monopolist’s control starts declining. This can be explained with the help of Figure. In the figure there are two demand curves. DD1 is rigid or less flexible showing greater monopoly control. DD2 is flatter or more flexible and depicts a lower degree of monopoly control. On rigid demand curve DD1 if the monopolist increases the price from P to P1 the fall in the quantity sold is as small as QQ1. On the flatter demand curve DD2 with the same rise in price, a fall in the quantity sold is as large as NN1. In case of a flexible demand curve there is a danger that even at a higher price, the total revenue of a monopolist may be smaller. This has been further explained in the table below: PRICE RIGID DEMAND D1 TOTAL REVENUE TR1 FLEXIBLE DEMAND D2 TOTAL REVENUE TR2 2 6 12 20 40 4 5 20 8 32 6 4 24 5 30 A monopolist attempts to raise his price from 2 to 4 to 6. As a result of this quantity demanded goes on falling. Yet in the case of Rigid Demand D1, with a fall in the demand from 6 to 5 to 4 Total Revenue TR1 increases from 12 to 20 to 24. With the Flexible Demand condition D2 the quantity demanded falls sharply from 20 to 8 to 5 causing Total Revenue TR2 to fall from 40 to 32 to 30. Hence the slope or the degree of flexibility of the demand curve governs the degree of monopoly power Monopoly market is restrictive and hence considered as an evil form of market. Monopoly is also a source of wastage. It underutilizes productive capacity and reduces Consumer’s Surplus. Underutilization of capacity may cause some workers to remain unemployed. These and other shortcomings can be analyzed and explained with the help of a comparative diagram. We find both competitive and monopoly equilibrium positions marketed by point e1 and e2 respectively. A competitive firm produces output Q1 and sells at price P1. A monopolist produces smaller output Q2 (Q2P1). Competition allows only normal profits to a firm as part of the average cost of production. A monopolist earns extra monopoly profits of the size CSRP2. Under competition output is produced at point e1 which is the lowest point on the average cost line. Therefore competition makes fuller utilization of the productive capacity. Under monopoly output is produced at point S which is on the falling phase of AC. This shows underutilization of the productive capacity. Finally, the size of the Consumer’s Surplus under competition is as large as De1P1 while that under monopoly is only DRP2. Hence under monopoly there is higher price, lower output, underutilization of productive capacity or wastage of resources and reduction in Consumer’s Surplus. Differences between Monopoly,  Equilibrium Competitive Equilibrium There are typical differences between the two types of market models their equilibrium positions. A comparative account of their differences is presented below: The demand curve of a competitive firm for its product is perfectly elastic. It is a horizontal straight line. It implies that the firm can sell any level of out put at the ruling market price. While the demand curve of the monopolistic for his product is relatively inelastic, it is a downward sloping curve. It suggests that the monopolist can sell more output only by lowering the price. To a competitive firm, price is given in the market. So at this price, average and marginal revenue will be the same. Hence, AR MR curves coincide and are represented through the demand curve which is a horizontal straight line. In the case of a monopoly, the downward sloping demand curve represents the AR curve. The MR curve also slopes downwards but it lies below the AR curve. If it is linear, then it lies half the distance between the price-axis and the demand curve. Under both perfect competition and monopoly, the equilibrium output is set at the point of equality between MC and MA. The competitive firm attains equilibrium only when the MC curve intersects the MR curve below. Thus, it is essential that MC must be rising at and near the equilibrium output. In fact, the falling cost curves caused by increasing returns to scale are incompatible with competitive equilibrium output, for the firm’s MR curve being horizontal, the falling MC curve can never lead to a competitive equilibrium position because as the firm will be inclined to expand its size until it becomes so large that its AR and MR curves ultimately begin to fall in order to cut the continuously falling MC curve. This means that the firm will become so large that competition will become imperfect and the individual firm would be in a position to influence the price of its product by altering its own output. In short, perfect competition will cease to exist when a firm increases i ts output to a very large extent in order to attain equilibrium under falling cost conditions. It may, therefore, be concluded that increasing returns to scale or a continuously downward sloping MC curve perfect competition are incompatible. It follows, thus, that a major difference between competitive equilibrium monopoly equilibrium is that while in the case of the former, the MC curve of the firm must be rising at or near the equilibrium level of output, in the case of the latter, this is not essential. A monopoly firm can attain equilibrium under any state of returns to scale or cost conditions, whether constant, rising or falling. The fundamental condition of monopoly equilibrium that must be satisfied is: MC=MR, and the MC curve must intersect the MR curve from below (yet it need not necessarily be rising). Again, when we compare the equilibrium conditions of the two models, we find that the fundamental rule of profit maximization is the same, i.e., equating MC with MR, the characteristic difference lies with respect to price as average revenue and MC. Under perfect competition, price=AR=MR; thus, at equilibrium output, MC=price. In monopoly, on the other hand MRMC. In a perfect normal equilibrium condition of a firm under competition in the long run only, normal profit is realized. In the case of a monopoly, excess monopoly profit can be earned even in the long-run. In fact, the positive difference between price and MC in a monopoly gives excess profit. In the long run, when the competitive firm gets only normal profit, it operates at the minimum point of the LAC curve. Hence the competitive firm tends to be of optimum size. A monopoly firm, on the other hand, attains equilibrium at the falling path of the AC curve, which means it doesn’t utilize its plant capacity to the full extent. The â€Å"excess capacity† in a monopoly firm thus causes it to be of less than optimum size. Usually, the monopoly price tends to be higher while the monopoly output smaller than that under perfect competition. A direct comparison of price and output under monopoly and competition is however difficult because a competitive firm is just a part of the industry as a whole, while a monopoly firm is an industry itself. MONOPOLY EQULIBRIUM UNDER DIFFERENT COST CONDITIONS Firms under all market condition achieve equilibrium at a point where MC=MR and MC is increasing or MC>MR if an additional unit is produced. Under Perfect competition this is possible only if the firm is operating with increasing cost i.e. marginal cost curve is sloping upward. Equilibrium cannot be determined if the marginal cost is decreasing or constant. Equilibrium is possible only in fig A where both necessary and sufficient conditions are fulfilled, whereas in B only the necessary condition is fulfilled and in C neither necessary nor sufficient conditions are satisfied. Unlike perfect competition, equilibrium of a monopoly is possible under increasing constant and decreasing cost as shown in Figure FIGURE shows equilibrium of a monopoly firm with increasing cost. The firms AC and MC curves are sloping upward. MC cuts MR at E. Here MC=MR and for any additional production MC>MR. Therefore firm A reaches equilibrium at point E. TR=OQ1 TP. TC=OQ1SN. Pie=NSTP Figure B, the firm reaches equilibrium at point E1 under constant cost. At point E1 MC=MR and thereafter MC>MR therefore the firm stops its production. At E1. TR=OQ2T1P1. TC=OQ2E1N1. Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 Figure C explains the equilibrium under decreasing cost. Equilibrium output is determined at point E2. Where MC=MR and MC>MR for any additional output. TR=OQ3T2P2. TC=OQ3S2N2 Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 The firm however will not be able to decide its output if under decreasing cost its marginal cost is always below the MR curve as shown in the figure. Fig shows the indetermination of Equilibrium under decreasing cost. Here the MC is all the times below MR hence it is not possible to determine the Equilibrium output. However the case shown in the above diagram may not be practical as the marginal cost cannot continuously decline and become zero. CONTROL OF MONOPOLY Evaluating the economic effects of pure monopoly or partial monopoly form the standpoint of society as a whole, on income distribution, price, output, resource allocation, technological advancement, distribution of economic power, it has been commonly observed that there are more evils aspects than benefits in a monopolistic industry as compared to a competitive industry. THE FOLLOWING POINTS MAY BE ENLISTED IN THIS CONTEXT: The monopoly price is generally higher than the competitive price. Evidently, the consumer is exploited under a monopoly. Output under monopoly is restricted with a view to earning the maximum economic profits. Thus, there is inefficient allocation of resources in a monopolistic industry. It entails waste of excess capacity. Only in a competitive industry there can be optimum utilization of existing plant capacity .In short, under a monopoly a higher price is charged, a smaller output is produced the system of allocation of resources is inferior to that under perfect competition. Usually, excess profit is reaped by a monopoly firm even in the long run. A purely competitive firm, on the other hand reaps just a normal profit in the long run. By virtue of their control over market supply, monopolists can export high prices to make substantial economic profits .Excessive price charged by the monopolists is regarded as a â€Å"PRIVATE TAX† on consumers. On account of high profiteering by the monopolists, society’s income distribution tends to be unequal unjust .The owners of monopoly business tend to become richer at the cost of the consumers. Big monopoly houses may acquire concentration of economic power ion their hands which also endangers political democracy in the country. A monopolist is supposed to be very conservative in the matter of innovation technological advancement .Since there is no threat of competition from rivals in a monopoly market, the firm has no impulse to develop new products or introduce new techniques in production. The monopolist is satisfied with the status quo. In fact sometimes monopolists may buy up new scientific inventions patents destroy them so to avoid rivalry. They do so in order to save loss arising from the sudden obsolescence of existing plant machinery. This tactic obviously obstructs technical progress of the country. Monopoly monopolistic competition tend to aggravate the problem of unemployment due to under allocation of resources. The actual production frontier of the country is kept unduly much below its potential level. This results in a low pace of economic growth in creating poverty in the midst of plenty Monopoly firm quite often resort to unfair practices like price discrimination or cut throat competition infringement of trade marks of rivals .etc with a view to eliminating or killing potential rivals in the market. Many big monopoly houses have tended to spread political economic corruption. It has been alleged that some political parties even govt. officials in India always have a soft corner for certain big business houses. METHODS OF CONTROL They are as follows: Restriction on entry of new firms Restriction on output Monopolists hold on price determination MEASURES OF CONTROL They are as follows: Legislative measures Promotion of competition Consumers resistance Publicity drive Control of price output Fiscal measures Nationalization Co-operative movement Misconceptions about Monopoly Pricing Profits It is commonly alleged that a monopolist can charge a very high price and earn high profits because he has the control over market supply and is a price-maker. This is really not so. A monopolist cannot determine price on the basis of his supply alone. He has to consider the demand aspect as well. In fact, the monopoly price is determined by the relative strength of the forces of demand and supply. Again, while determining the equilibrium price and output, the monopolist is interested in maximum sale because he wants to maximise total profits and not unit profits. So if the demand is slack, he will have to set a low price corresponding to profit maximising condition : MC = MR. Again, it is also erroneous p take it for granted that the monopolists price is always higher than the competitive price. It, in fact, depends on various considerations. If the demand is highly inelastic, while the supply is under conditions of increasing costs, ben the monopolist will restrict output in order to produce at a lower cost anchearn a higher profit. Under these circumstances, obviously, the monopoly price will be very high compared to the competitive price. For example, private monopoly is socially harmful in respect of production and sale of essential agricultural commodities like food-grains for which the demand is highly inelastic while the supply is under increasing costs on account of the law of diminishing returns operating on land. If, on the other hand, the demand is highly inelastic, but the supply is under increasing returns or decreasing costs condition, the monopoly price would tend to be nearer the competitive price. In such cases, monopoly can be socially tolerated. For instance, in producing comforts and luxury items, if a private monopolist invests huge capital, thereby enjoying the economies of scale so that he may supply goods at a low price at a competitive rate, then, such monopoly can be tolerated. Again, when there is a very limited market for a product, a monopolist can supply it at a lower price on account of its low cost of production due to large-scale economies than what is feasible in a competitive market by a large number of firms producing the goods on a small-scale. The competitive market price in such a case will tend to be high because though P AC, under competition, the AC itself tends to be high due to lack of economies of scale and the small-scale of production adopted by each firm . If, however, there is a monopoly which has to cater to the entire market, it would resort to a large-scale production. Hence, the output will be produced at a much lower cost, so even if the monopolist sets a higher price than AC for the sake of high profit, it may relatively turn out to be lower than that of the competitive firm. Similarly, it is also incorrect to say that the monopolist can always earn abnormally high monopoly profit due to his advantageous position in the market. In many cases, demand and cost situation may not be very favourable to the monopolist, so that he cannot make profits. In the long run, the monopolist may be under the threat of new entry in his line of production, so that he may resort to price limit which gives him a lower profit but not a high maximum profit. Potential competition thus serves as a significant constraint on the behaviour of the monopolist. Again, in some cases, the demand situation may be such that the demand curve or the average revenue curve in the long run may be just tangent to the LAC curve. In this case, the monopolist would earn only a normal profit (see Fig. to understand the situation). In Fig., the monopolist decides an equilibrium output OM, and charges PM price. Since the AR curve is tangent to the LAC curve at point P, Price = Average Revenue = Average Cost. Hence, the monopolist simply earns a normal profit. The only difference between such normal-profit monopoly equilibrium and competitive equilibrium is that the monopolist is producing at less than optimum size, i.e., at a higher average cost, while a competitive firm, earning normal profit, would be producing at a minimum average cost, i.e., it has an optimum size. In other words, under monopoly, even though there is just a normal profit earned, there is unutilised capacity of the plant and resources, while in a competitive firms equilibrium, the normal capacity is fully utilised. Anyway, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the monopolist cannot always earn high monopoly profits. Again, the monopolist in the long run should earn at least normal profits, otherwise he cannot survive. A monopolist finding the cost situation much above the demand consideration in the long run has no alternative but to wind up his business.

Is Wuthering heights a love story? :: English Literature

Is Wuthering heights a love story? Is this essay I am going to discuss whether Wuthering heights is a love story or not. There are several reasons for saying that the novel is a love story and there are several reasons that state that Wuthering heights is not a love story. The trational love story has the perfect characters which always somehow no matter what the contions always manage to find there ideal partner. The setting is really simple and there always is a perfect climax despite what the obstacles are. The term love is used too loosely and is not specified if the love they mean is love for the family or sibling love then yes Wuthering heights is a love story. Romantic love is an aspect of the story but in my own personal opinion the romantic love aspect is not the be all and end all of the novel. The novel has many conventions which indicate that it is a love story. For example the setting. The settings very typical of a love story. Two families living in different houses and the houses are separated by the mores and it seems really simple until a complication is introduced, "bring that gipsy brat into the house". This is referring to Heathcliff when he is brought home from Liverpool. Some critics say that Heathcliff is a complication to the family and imperticualy Cathy because if Heathcliff was not around Cathy and Edgar would have been married with no major problems and without the complication of Cathy loving Heathcliff. But there is no evidence to prove this information is true. Another aspect of the setting that makes the novel seem like a typical love story is the way Cathy and Heathcliff grow really close then Cathy has an accident and has to stay with the Linton's and then she falls in "love" with Edgar and decides to marry him. This seems like a perfect romantic set up. The characters also make the novel seem like it is a love story because it again fits in with the way a typical love story is written. The way there is a rich person and a poor person and they are both batterling for the hand of the lovely young lady. Is this case the poor person is Heathcliff the rich person is Edgar and the lovely young lady is Cathy. The problem is Cathy marries Edgar not knowing if she is in love with him or not "I shall marry him: and yet you have not told me whether I'm right" this shows that she is not really sure

Television’s Impact on its Viewers :: Television Media TV Essays

Television’s Impact on its Viewers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problems arise abundantly in almost every situation, and solutions are even more scarce. To find one great solution to a pressing problem of contemporary society is difficult, yet not impossible. Americans are plagued by the influences of television day in and day out. It is one of the main constants in many individuals lives, while grabbing the attention of families in ninety-eight percent of America’s homes and is kept on for an average of six and a half hours every day (Cheney 2). Perhaps there isn’t a problem so much in the fact that so many people have this mysterious box on for periods of time, but rather the problem lies in the way the viewer interprets the program that is being presented to them. How much control does the viewer really have over what programs they watch and when? How can a viewer monitor their viewing as well as their children’s in a manner that will benefit them both? And what is the solution for those wh o watch television for hours on end, giving up employment, schooling and other important duties? These questions will be addressed throughout the course of this paper, along with the best possible solutions that I have conjured up for such a controversial topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television has become nearly unavoidable and American society is more affected by television than they realize. According to Nielsen Media Research, the average TV household in the United States now owns two sets, which are watched just over 30 hours every week by the typical American adult (Mahler 12). American society is more affected by television than is realized. Television offers thin slices of the real word, becoming a version of reality that is created by numerous components from mechanical parts to people, making up the medium of television. Because what is heard and seen on TV is a lot like what is experienced in real life, it’s easily and unconsciously assumed that what is on television- the sex, the violence, the commercials, the cartoons- is real, true, or normal. Viewers must realize the difference inbetween the fiction of TV and the reality of their own lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term â€Å"couch potato† has been coined for those who sit around and watch television all day. Rutgers researcher Robert Kubey is one of the many academics troubled by the trend of excessive television viewing. Television’s Impact on its Viewers :: Television Media TV Essays Television’s Impact on its Viewers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problems arise abundantly in almost every situation, and solutions are even more scarce. To find one great solution to a pressing problem of contemporary society is difficult, yet not impossible. Americans are plagued by the influences of television day in and day out. It is one of the main constants in many individuals lives, while grabbing the attention of families in ninety-eight percent of America’s homes and is kept on for an average of six and a half hours every day (Cheney 2). Perhaps there isn’t a problem so much in the fact that so many people have this mysterious box on for periods of time, but rather the problem lies in the way the viewer interprets the program that is being presented to them. How much control does the viewer really have over what programs they watch and when? How can a viewer monitor their viewing as well as their children’s in a manner that will benefit them both? And what is the solution for those wh o watch television for hours on end, giving up employment, schooling and other important duties? These questions will be addressed throughout the course of this paper, along with the best possible solutions that I have conjured up for such a controversial topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television has become nearly unavoidable and American society is more affected by television than they realize. According to Nielsen Media Research, the average TV household in the United States now owns two sets, which are watched just over 30 hours every week by the typical American adult (Mahler 12). American society is more affected by television than is realized. Television offers thin slices of the real word, becoming a version of reality that is created by numerous components from mechanical parts to people, making up the medium of television. Because what is heard and seen on TV is a lot like what is experienced in real life, it’s easily and unconsciously assumed that what is on television- the sex, the violence, the commercials, the cartoons- is real, true, or normal. Viewers must realize the difference inbetween the fiction of TV and the reality of their own lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term â€Å"couch potato† has been coined for those who sit around and watch television all day. Rutgers researcher Robert Kubey is one of the many academics troubled by the trend of excessive television viewing.

Leadership and Communication Management

Leadership and Communication Management We all know how the computer system works: Without the talented operator or appropriate software, even if it is equipped with the most advanced hardware, the computer itself will not achieve any results. If we compare the computer system as Enterprise, leadership is the operator and communication management is one of the most efficient software. When these two important elements combine in a cohesive manner, the Enterprise should expect the best performance. R Inc. is a leading third party logistics company. It offers freight transportation logistics, outsource solutions, produce sourcing, and information services among many other services. As an employee with five years of service, I feel fortune enough to work for a company with 100 years of history that continually shows strong growth. As a non-assets company, a majority of the business is executed through communication, and it exists in every aspect of R culture. Any individual within the company will spend a majority of their day communicating with customers, vendors, carriers, and co-workers, so Communication management definitely plays a critical role within R company. In R, branches are small independent organizations under the corporate enterprise, and each branch has its own communication system. Within the different leaderships, the style of communication varies. With my experience of having had three different branch managers in five years, I realize that leadership plays a critical role with communication management for the whole enterprise, and I would like to explore it more with my findings. Firstly, whether or not the leadership uses communication management to link employees to the company strategy could make a huge difference with the future of the enterprise. A majority of the employees will enjoy making achievements and receiving recognitions from their hard work. As a leader, if you do not show employees the company’s vision, explain the contexts, and share the strategy, it will not be easy for employees to be self-motivated and to opt into the company’s strategy. They could get lost in the routine and sometimes mundane nature of their work and not put forth their best efforts. How many times have you heard people say: â€Å"I just do the work and go home? † If you are the leader, don’t you want to make a difference for both the company and people you serve so that each is getting the best out of the ther? I can honestly say that I was one of those who got lost after working for 3 years without any managed communication from leadership. One day, I woke up and decided I needed to make a change. I wanted to learn something new, and I knew I didn’t feel fulfilled with the same old. I chose to switch to a new branch. The new manager managed well the communication and linked my career path with the company strategy. I know I trust this leader as much as he trusts me, and I do perform better with a vision. I found management does exist in the enterprise; it isn’t a legend found only in textbooks. This Manager introduced S. M. A. R. T goals to create the link between company goals and the employees. â€Å"S. M. A. R. T† means specific, measureable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. With the smart goal, employees could work toward their own goal which is also linked to company strategy. We confidently know that we will be rewarded through hard work with job satisfaction, bonuses, raises, improved benefits, higher positions, and employee recognition. We also know that we will have all the support needed to get there. What’s the difference? Employees are linked to the company strategy sharing the mutual dream. Who makes the difference? The Leadership! How can they make the difference? Use the proper communication management. Secondly, communication management from leadership can influence employees on how they make their decisions which will affect the business. Employees would judge and select the most important information from leadership to make their decisions, and these decisions could affect the business in direct or indirect ways later. With poor communication management, leaders could deliver improper information which will impact negatively on employee decisions. Undoubtedly, as a return, the decision could negatively affect the business. To connect employee’s decision tightly toward company’s strategy, it requires leadership to manage the communication system in the right manner. Here is one negative example that could prove my point: In my old branch, information wasn’t shared well on a regular basis. Sometimes, we were given two or three conflicting instructions from different team leads on the same task. Because the communication from leadership wasn’t well managed, we would decide individually on what we thought we were told to do or what we thought that was the easiest and best way to do. Will our decisions fit the company’s strategy or benefit the best? We did not know, we were not empowered with the vision, and we could not tell whether the decision we just made was right for the company. If leadership had managed the communication, employees could have followed the vision and made the proper decision for the company. When all of these employees’ decisions are added together, it will decide the future of the company. With or without communication management from leadership to help those decisions be determined will make a big difference in the company’s future. Thirdly, Leadership has the greatest influence inside the company, and with well managed communication, it would deliver the best results for the company. I learned the sentence â€Å"Monkey does as Monkey sees† from our 6 year old daughter. People all have the strong capability of imitation and it is very easy to follow the trend. Inside Enterprise, employees look up to the leadership, and any action from the leadership is actually a communication to employees. How does the leader use their time? How does the leader reward the employee? All of their actions will be followed closely by employees. You will feel like going to work early when you see your leader go to office at 7am every morning and work in the action area; but you won’t feel like going at all if your leader comes to office no earlier than 9:30 am and always being surrounded by his/her favorite subordinate in the locked office? You would like to make your best efforts at work when you know your leader always rewards the hard workers, but you might not feel like contributing when the reward only belongs to the ones who would surround him/ her in the locked office. I have experience with both kinds of leaders. Their style of the communication management affected business loudly in different directions. As leadership, you have to put forth efforts to manage the communication, because leadership will influence employees through their communications. To impact an employee in good or bad way, depends on how the leadership designs the communication management. Admittedly, some branches in R do not have the best designed communication management so far, some leaders have started adopting this software for their own use to optimize the system and management. Also, at the corporate level, R has a well-designed company structure to ensure the success of the business; it has built solid policies, procedures, and created a great working environment, and it ensures the platform for communication management ready for all branches. I believe that communication management will be very well established at R through leadership efforts soon, and with its steady growth, it should continue to be one of their building blocks for success.

Unit 066

027 Outcome 1 Describe some of the factors you need to consider when planning the indoor and outdoor environment; such as meeting individual needs, any specific risks to individuals, what you aim for children to achieve from exploring the environment, staffing etc. There are many factors that need to be taken into consideration whilst planning indoor and outdoor environments.Indoor environments need to ensure that they cover individual needs such as someone in a wheelchair will need room to move their wheelchair around the room so that they can use the same resources as a child not in a wheelchair, the indoor environment will need age suitable resources if it is a setting that is for 4-11 year olds there would not be 12 rated DVD’s and if it was a setting for 0-3 year olds then there would not be small resources laying around as they are choking hazards.The displays will have to be appropriate and safe no sharp objects should be left on display, The resources, displays and act ivities indoors will have to ensure that they are non discriminatory ensuring that anyone can be involved and that they displays are not just swayed towards one culture. The outdoors environment will also need to be planned carefully and safely but still allowing children to take risks so they can risk assess themselves, the outdoors area will also need to meet individual needs ramps will need to be installed for people in wheelchairs and young babies in prams.The equipment will have to be age appropriate and be able to be adjusted for children that have special needs. The outdoor area and indoor area both need to be planned to ensure that the children do not get bored they must easily be changed to ensure the children and young people stay stimulated but ensuring that they are safe and that the adults within the setting can see the children at all times and keep them safe. How is health and safety monitored and maintained in your setting? How are staff, children and visitors made a ware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely?I. e. risk assessments, golden rules and visual signs. Health and safety is monitored and maintained in the setting in which I work by a health and safety checklist this covers all aspects of safety and cleanliness including inside and outside, kitchen, toilets and fire safety this checklist is done daily. Risk assessments are done every six months these cover all the areas in which risks can occur such as the kitchen area, outdoor play area, school pick ups etc. We have a fire folder this is where we keep record of our fire drills that we practice every three months.There is a kitchen folder, which is where we keep records of our kitchen checks such as the temperature charts of the fridges and freezers. We have rules in the club, which all children are aware of, and each child has opportunities to create rules that they feel need to be in place if there is an issue that arises during a session at club then a circle time is arr anged to ensure all children are aware of what has happened and the consequences and what can be done to avoid this happening again.Staffs are made aware of the risks and hazards and are encouraged to work safely as they are shown and talked through all aspects of safety checks before they start and get regular practice at doing them. The children are made aware as we involve them as much as we can in the safety of the club for example doing regular fire drills with them allowing them to risk assess themselves. Visitors are made aware by having a chance to look through our risk assessments and health and safety checklists, as they are stored on the main desk in folders.Everyone is encouraged to work safely along side each other by following the rules and ensuring policies and procedures are up to date. What sources of information is available for planning healthy and safe environments? I. e. Every Child Matters, EYFS The sources of information that are available for planning a healt hy and safe environment are every child matters this has five outcomes these are; be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well being.This allows settings to go through ways they can help to achieve these outcomes, this may mean by having a more enjoyable outdoor are encouraging children to play outside staying healthy. The EYFS framework is split into six different areas it outlines standards for learning, development and care of children we can plan healthy and safe environments based on this as we can use the aims to plan activities and the layout of the room to encourage the devlopment.Identify and explain some of the principles under the Health and Safety at Work Act; such as COSHH and RIDDOR The health and safety act at work 1974 is the primary bit of legislation covering health and safety within the work place it has many principles that cover different areas at work such as COSHH this is control of substances hazardous to he alth this is a principle that ensures that companies are controlling substances that are a hazard it goes through how to control substances, what a hazardous substance is and different risk assessments on this.Another principle under this act is RIDDOR this is the reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences, this principle ensures that companies report any serious accidents that happen at work and any occupational diseases. Management of health and safety at work is another regulations this one ensures that risk assessments are carried out as well as correct training and that all staff that are employed have the correct skills and training they need.Personal protective equipment at work regulation means that employers are to provide appropriate protective equipment and clothing at work. There are eighteen different regulations within this act. 027 Outcome 2 How do you monitor and review risk assessments? What happens to risk assessments when complete? Why do they need to be reviewed? Monitoring risk assessments is done by making sure that what is wrote is carried through the layout of our risk assessments ensure that all risks are identified in all areas and ways to overcome and ensure that harm doesn’t come to anyone.For example in the kitchen there is hot water this could cause burns and slippery surfaces to overcome this we block the kitchen off from the children and ensure that areas are sign posted and cleared up. When complete the risk assessments are filed away and new ones are added when needed for example if a child has crutches a risk assessment for this has to be wrote up these need to be shown to all members of staff so that they are aware and if any have been missed they will be added. Risk assessments are reviewed every six months. 027 outcome 3Explain why it is important to safeguard children whilst allowing for risk and challenge, taking into account there needs and abilities? It is important to safeguard children but still allow them to take risks and challenge as if we just said no to them doing things they would like to do they will never learn how to overcome these obstacles throughout life, for example a child wants to climb to the top of a climbing frame they will have to think of how the safest way to get up is if we say no the child may climb it out of protest without planning in their mind this would be more dangerous for them.It is important that we still safeguard the children and young people, as they will not be able to think through all the risks associated with what they are going to do they still need to feel protected as this will allow them to be willing to try new things for example if a child is learning to swim they may not want to try alone without an adult being beside them in fear of going under the water with an adult present they will use this as a safety cushion and be more willing to try.Children all have different needs and abilities so need to be safeguarded in different ways a child in a wheelchair will have different risks to a child not in one each risk assessment will be different. Some children will have more confidence than others this will also be a factor in how we safeguard them a child with more confidence is more likely to succeed in what they are doing so the way we risk assess them will not be as much as a child who is not confident in trying new activities may have to do something a few times in order to get confidence.Identify and explain some of the dilemmas practitioners can face when giving children the right of choice but also taking into health and safety requirements e. g. choice of toys too big for space allocated, outdoor play and weather being poor How do you encourage children to assess risks around them? The dilemmas practitioners can face whilst giving children the right of choice are the choice of toys a child may have a toy with a camera this may mean they may take photos of other children this may not be done to harm bu t other children may not like this to keep other children safe a no camera policy is in place.Some children may have small toys especially the older ones this may not be appropriate if you are in a setting which also allows younger children as if these toys are left around then parts may become a choking hazard. Getting the older children to think about factors like this will help to encourage them to do this with any item. 027 Outcome 4 Say what you would do in each of the following: A security incident Fire Missing child A child becoming unwell, including recognition of signs of illnessA security incident –If a security incident happened at work depending on the incident is how I would react, for example if someone that was unknown or someone who was dangerous got on the premises I would secure the building making sure all the doors and windows were secure, I would call the police and make sure that all the children are safe and calm and try to avoid panicking. Fire  œ If a fire occurred I would evacuate all the children, there is a member of staff that goes first ensuring that all children follow and a member of staff that goes after to check the toilets and take the register out.Once assembled at the fire point a register is taken to ensure all children and members of staff are out of the building. The children will be prepared for this by doing regular practices ensuring they all know where to assemble. A missing child – If a child went missing then I would make sure to shut all doors and windows in the setting just to check if they were hiding and to stop escape routes then I would check the inside and outside area checking with the other children if the child still was missing then the police and parents would need to be contacted straight away.A child becoming unwell, including recognition of signs of illness – If a child started to look unwell or complained of not feeling well then depending on the illness and symptoms is ho w I would respond, for example if a child was complaining of a headache I would give them a drink of water and get them to have a lay down, I would keep an eye on the child’s conditions and keep a record in the accident book of what has happened and what care has been given to them. If it was sickness or a bug then I would contact the parents to arrange pick up to avoid contamination in the club of the other children.What procedures do you follow for recording and reporting accidents, illness and any other incidents? The procedures that are followed to record and report an accident are we have an accident book this is where all records of any accident that has happened at club or in school that have got worse at club are kept it states the date time and location of the accident, what happened during the accident and then if any treatment was given for the accident it is shown to the parents and signed by the staff present and the one who gave the treatment and the parent to s how that they are aware.The same is recorded for an illness. Other incidents are recorded on our incident forms or medical forms an incident will state what happened and where and what was done following the incident this is shown to the parents and signed by both the employee and the parents then a copy is given to any parties involved. A medical form is used for when a child has a medical condition and need medicine administered in will have the dose and at what time it was given this is pre signed by the parent to give us permission to give the child the medicine. 66 Outcome 1 Explain Every Child Matters Every child matters is five outcomes these outcomes are; be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well beings. It is set by the government. It has a detailed framework this requires that all parties working with the children work together to make sure these aims are worked towards. Explain your setting procedures on reporting and line of responsibility in regards to meeting the welfare of children i. e.Senco, Safeguarding Officer, Health and Safety Co-ordinator The settings procedures on reporting and line of responsibility in regards to meeting the welfare of children are, if a child is at risk the deputy manager and manager are informed then social services are contacted. In regards to SENCO the child’s key person will have the responsibility to report their observations with them. 066 Outcome 2 Explain your procedures for each of the following: The arrival and departure of children Taking children on outings/visitsThe arrival and departure of children. – The procedure of the arrival of children is different depending on each school they all have an individual pick up these are all risk assessed the schools such as cherry tree and Fairhouse the children are collected from their schools and walked to the setting where as the other schools are collected and bought on the mini bus. Once all chi ldren have arrived they hang up their belongings and are signed in and counted on the register. The departure of children is when they are collected by their parent/carer.The parent has to be recognized and stated on the registration forms as to be the collector they have to be signed out of the register if the parent states that someone else is picking their child up a password has to be given to the collector and us so that we know it is the correct person. Taking children on outing/visits. – These are all risk assessed before hand. The children are counted and given a fleece cap and badge with the setting logo on so that we can recognize the children wherever they are. They are hen walked or bought on the bus to the trip whilst on the trip all children are watched and have rules that have to be followed. Explain why it is necessary that there are minimum requirements: Space why are there space requirements? s Staff ratios why do ratios differ for children of different ages ? In order to maintain children’s safety. There are minimum requirements in place in regards to the space in the setting and the ratios to adults and children to maintain children’s safety. There are space requirements because there are fewer accidents and there is not a risk such as fire risks.Children need to have the ability to move around without the requirement the setting may be over crowded this not only makes the setting unsafe it makes it less appealing for the children. There are staff ratios in place as if there is not adequate staffing the children may be overlooked and this is when children go missing it will impact the children’s safety. The staff to child ratio is currently 1 adult to every 8 children that are under 8. 066 Outcome 3 Explain how you promote children’s health and well being in your setting; healthy eating, outdoor play, personal care.In the setting where I work we promote children’s health and well being by doing many things, for example we ensure that we include fruit and vegetables in our menu, we ensure that fresh water is available at all times, outdoor play and activities are planned for everyday. In our setting we have posters around the club that encourage physical movements and healthy eating. We make sure that children’s hygiene within the club is monitored so that they wash their hands before they eat and drink and after being to the toilet and after outdoors play.We make sure that if a child is showing symptoms of being ill they are treated and the parents/carers are called to collect to ensure that the other children do not catch the illness, this is to prevent infections and cross contamination within the setting. Describe some of the roles of key health professionals and sources of advice that are available to support the health and well being of children and their families; nutritional advisors, health visitors.There are key health professionals and sources of advice that ar e available to support the health and well being of children and their families, for example nutritional advisors their role is to educate families and children into a healthy lifestyle they will go into schools and do groups with children and for parents and encourage children to change what they eat to a more healthy plan they will give advice to parents on how to make vegetables and fruits more appealing for children who may not want to try them.Health visitors main role is to prevent illness and promote helping people to stay healthy, they cover a wide range of health areas such as growth and development, infections, behavioural difficulties, problems involved with new babies such as breastfeeding, Some health visitors run groups for advice and support.School psychologists also are key health professionals they provide emotional support for children they will consult with all parties involved with the children such as the parents and teachers to find ways to help children they w ill cover educational difficulties and any other difficulties that children may be having at home or school. 066 Outcomes 4 Identify some of the principles of safe food handlingSafe food handling is a vital part of food preparation; some of the principles of this are; sanitizing all food preparation equipment before use, heat and cool foods correctly for example do not cook a chicken and put it in the fridge until it has cooled to the correct temperature. Checking expiry dates on food to ensure that they are not gone off as this can cause serious illnesses. Whilst preparing raw meat hands must be washed after and before touching anything else. Washing hands is an important principle to avoid contamination. s How should formula and breast milk be prepared and stored?Formula and breast milk need to be prepared within regulations this means it needs to be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized and as always hands need to be washed. Formula should be made up before each feed and not stored a s this increases the chances of a baby becoming ill. Fresh tap water should be boiled in a kettle the water should not cool to less that 70 degrees centigrade, the water that has been boiled needs to be poured into the bottle, following the guide on the packet of formula the correct amount of formula needs to be added.After re adding the lid the bottle needs to be shook to mix the formula with the water it then needs to be left to cool testing it by using your wrist it needs to feel lukewarm and not hot. If the formula needs to be stored it should be stored at the back of the fridge below 5 degrees centigrade the feed should not be stored any longer than 24 hours and to reheat it should be placed in a bottle warmer or a container of warm water.Breast milk should be expressed into a clean bottle once this is done and at the setting it should be stored for only up to 24 hours, if it is to be used after this it can be frozen for up to 6 months if it is kept in a 0 degree freezer. It ne eds to be stored the same way as formula at the back of the fridge and not at the front; it should be prepared by placing it in a bowl of warm water. 066 Outcomes 5 Why should you recognise children’s dietary requirements? How do you make sure that this information is shared with those that need to know?Dietary requirements include allergies, intolerances, vegetarians, and religion. It is important that we recognise these requirements so that we do not make a child ill a child who has a serious allergy may have a anaphylactic shock if given the wrong food this can make them seriously ill. Another reason why we should recognise these are so we do not offend a child for example a Muslim child may not be allowed to eat pork to give this to the child may upset them.In the setting in which I work we have a list that is on show in the kitchen, a list that is in the kitchen folder which is checked everyday, when a new child enrols we make sure parents inform us of any requirements s o that they can be added to the list this is updated as and when we are informed. What are the government guidelines on healthy eating? What is considered to be balanced meals, snacks and drinks? Include cultural variations and its principles.The government states that we should have five portions of fruits and vegetables every day, but children also need to know what a balanced meal is this should consist of food that contains essential vitamins, sugars for energy and other food groups needed to help children develop. The government website shows that we should consume a diet of; †¢ Plenty of starchy foods †¢ 5 portions of fruit and vegetables †¢ Moderate amounts of protein-rich foods †¢ Moderate amounts of milk and dairy †¢ Less saturated fat, salt and sugar.Cultural variations may be that they may view what some view as healthy such as pork as unhealthy, in different cultures they may use different ingredients. Some cultures do not eat cold foods during t he cold months. How can you educate children in healthy eating and food management; such as: Portion control Food phobias Tackling under and over-weight children Portion control – we can educate children in this by using smaller plates children will be less likely to put loads of food on their plate this way.By letting children serve their own portions will encourage them to realise the sizes of servings. By providing a bit of food from each food group and encouraging them to take a scoop of food from each one. There are many activities that can also be done such as designing your own plate that is split into segments. Meal planning games and stories. Food phobias – We can educate children in this by showing that we don’t have food phobias if a child is around people who never eat fish then they will have never tried this and may only have one opinion on it.By encouraging the children to try it with you may help. Activities such as guessing what food they taste may help to move their food phobias. Children who have phobias of certain foods may need it to be mixed to make it look taste better children like dips so this may encourage them. A child may have seen on television that models are size zero and may be pressured into only eating very little this could make them ill by boosting their self esteem this may help. Tackling under and over weight children –These both could be a part of an illness but also a part of not enough education in this field.Under weight children need a balanced diet, by allowing them to help to prepare meals then they may be encouraged to eat more as they have made it, it is important that we do not encourage them to eat the wrong types of foods. Overweight children need to be educated in a healthy diet and physical play this can be done through activities and posters and letting them be involved in planning. 066 Outcome 6 How is medication given in your setting and how is this recorded? How is medication s tored?Medication is only given within the setting if a parent/carer has signed a medicine consent form this will state what the medicine is called and the amount to be administered. If a child needs medication then it has to be administered by a first aid qualified person and correctly, then the child needs to be watched to record how they are feeling as well as what dosage they have recovered the time and date and who administered it. Medicine is either stored in the fridge or in a filing cabinet depending on the medication it is easily accessed and labelled clearly as to whose it is.What do you need to consider when lifting and carrying children also include moving large pieces of equipment? What measures are put into place in your setting to prevent injury? What regulation covers this? When lifting and carrying children and moving large pieces of equipment you have to take into consider the age of the child for example if it is a baby it needs to be fully supported especially its back and neck. Where as if it is an older child then it is able to hold its head.When lifting a child the physical abilities of the child need to be took into consideration as this could cause injuries to both child and staff member. If there is a need to lift children on a regular basis then appropriate training should be given. In certain cases lifting hoists may be available. The same rules apply to when carrying large pieces of equipment, spinal and back injuries can be caused if lifting is not done correctly it is easy to make mistakes so by following correct procedures then both yours and the children’s safety are put first.In the setting where I work the measures that are put in place to prevent injury are ensuring all the employees have the correct training that they are required to have, health and safety checks are done daily to prevent accidents and that constant observation is a necessary by knowing where all the children and staff are means that if an injury doe s occur then it can be treated straight away.The regulation that covers this is the health and safety at work act, In this act is a section called the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 this states that if the task shows a possibility of injury it should not be done, it also states that if a worker is in pain they should not carry out the usual tasks such as lifting.It states that you need to communicate with other employees you should not ask them to do a task such as lifting a child if you know they are at risk of injury you should inform your manager and fellow employees of any injury you may have so that they can do the lifting and give you other duties, it states that the employee must follow company rules on manual handling and that you should take care to ensure that you do not put any others at risk for example if you were to lift a child you should do so in a way that does not put them at risk of injury.