Question Assess The Main Achievements Of The First Four Caliphs (632

Question: Assess the main achievements of the first four caliphs (632 to 661 AD). How powerful and united was the Arab Empire at the death of Ali? {1996} Question: Assess the main achievements of the first four caliphs (632 to 661 AD). How powerful and united was the Arab Empire at the death of Ali? {1996} Abu Bakr,, was the father-in-law of Mohammed and was the first converts to Islam. After the demise of Mohammed, Abu Bakar's main objective was to maintain the heritage of the prophet. However, distance tribes refused to recognize Abu Bakr's authority as their treaty relation was with the late Mohammed only. Thus after learning about the death of Mohammed, their nomadic instincts recoiled at the prospect of being subordinate to the men at Medina. These tribes refused allegience to Abu Bakr, Mohammed's successor as they felt that they had no part in electing him. This *repudiation is known as The Ridda or Apostasy. In fact, many of the tribes involved had never formally adopted Islam and thus they reverted to paganism soon after the death of Mohammed. In order to reassert control over Medina, Abu Bakr sent Khalid, one of the pagan Korayish military leaders Mohammed converted on entering Mecca, to reconvert these tribes. He succeeded and the Arabs members, who were now convinced of the power of the Medina, expanded his Moslem army. Khalid also launched a surprise invasion eastward across the Euphrates and surrounded the provincial capital of Hira. Being a Ummayad, Abu Bakr had political and military powers to complement his religious authority and at the start of Abu Bakr's reign, the Arabs were able to conquer the whole of the Middle East. In less than a century, the mobile Moslems were able to successfully defeat the Byzantine and in the entire fertile cresent. At about 634, when Khalid was marching into Damascus, Omar another Ummayad, succeeded Abu Bakr as the next Caliph. Omar being more worldly and ambitious, asserted control over the raiding armies and gain control over the independent and far flung army commanders who were left to make their own decisions during Abu Bakr's reign. Omar issued military orders to Khalid but instead of attacking Damascus, Khalid was to gain control of the surrounding territories and eventually, the Arabs plunderes as far south as Gaza in Palestine. The battles in Palestine ended in Arab victories and with the weakening of Damascus' power, it was conquered together with other major cities of the northern region by 636 AD. After the Persians' failed attempt to launch an offensive to regain control over the Western Mesopotamia. The Moslem army under the orders of Omar, counterattacked from the direction of Syria and destroyed the Persian army. They then proceeded to capture the entire Mesopotamia. Thus by 637, both Mesopotamia and Syria came under the Medina's control. In 639, a Bedouin General named Amr was sent to the frontier of Egypt with 4000 men and plundered across Eastern Egypt to the Nile Valley. Thus in 642, Amr captured the Byzantine Capital at Alexandria, but there was a brief recapture by the Byzantines in 645 but a Moslem counterattack drove the Byzantines out of Egypt by 646. Caliph Omar also organised Syria and Mesopotamia into a single province, while Egypt was to exist as another. Governors appointed to rule the respective regions were Ummayads. In 640, Omar appointed Muawiya as the governor of Syria-Mesopotamia and in 642, he appointed his foster brother to administer Egypt. Although these governors owed their loyalty to Caliph Omar but in reality, they had absolute powers therefore they soon overtook Medina in importance. In 644, a member of the small but growing "Shites" sect murdered Omar. Caliph Othman reigned from 644-655 A.D. Although Othman like the earlier two caliphs, was an Ummayad, he was not as competent as them. In terms of character, Othman was uninspiring as he was cowardly, weak and guilty of Nepotism hence causing even more resentment. During his reign, the resentment for the Ummayad clans by the other clans intensified but the Ummayads continued to prosper at the expense of other clans. Lesser wealth was now coming back to Medina as the areas of conquests got smaller. Arab Expansion began to slow down during Othman's reign as firstly there were no longer pressures on land among the Arabs. The Arabs now have sufficient land and thus had little need to expand their territories. Secondly, expansion was beginning to reach the natural boundaries such as the high plateau and unfriendly populations of Persia and Anatolia i.e. Eastern Turkey. Thus this gave the non-Ummayad Arabs more opportunities to channel

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buy custom Business and Finance essay Finance department plays a dominant role in the long run productivity of an organization. There is a marginal different lies between accounts and finance. Accounting refers to the recording and articulating the data while finance deals with the utilization of funds at a place from where the likelihood becomes easy. Capital Budgeting is one of the most important branches of Finance, which deals with the analysis of the future of a project which an organization is wishing to undertake. Organizations have to consider the working of capital budgeting in order to take only those projects which actually increases the worth of the company. There are certain tools used specifically for capital budgeting and project evaluation purpose. The main perspective of this assignment deals with a case study of capital budgeting and project evaluation. There are different characters present in the case study which are the upper management personnel of a company. We are supposing as the financial consultant who later on start his work to analyze the proposals. There are two proposals which are in consideration of this assignment which predominantly are Project X and Project Y. Some of the specification given in the case study is mentioned below, There are basically two steps involved in this computation. First of all, we have given the actual quantity which will produce by the company which will be 150,000 units which increases by 8% for the next 4 years. Each unit will be sold at a price of 40. Each year, the sale revenue also increased by 8% while the operating cost covering an initial cost of 16 a unit also increased with the same proportion. The next table includes the initial outlay of 2.2 million pounds and then the depreciation computed with the help of Straight Line Method (SLM). A value of 4, 40,000 pounds has been depreciated each year for the next 5 years of the machine of project Y. Working capital which has been computed as 12% of the total revenue excluded from the initial outlay. We have arrived on the net income figure after deducting depreciation, tax and operating cost from the sales revenue. Please note that we have still not reached on the cash flow from operation and from investment which will be used later on in project evaluation. There is another table which computed the same, Net Present Value (NPV)Finally, we have reached on the cash flow which will be used in further analysis. The final cash flows are 3048,000, 3192000, 3405120, 3635290 and 388873. Now we have 3 different tools which will be used here project evaluation. The three tools which will be used here are Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Profitability Index (PI). After computing these things, analysis will be done to analyze will the company has to accept the project or should not. Net Present Value (hereafter NPV) is the most widely used tool to assess the economic compatibility of a particular project. Basically the NPV which is also called Net Present worth (NPW) is a time series of cash flows which are both ingoing and outgoing is called NPV. Basically it is the sum of all the present values of the individual cash flows (Edwin Ruud, 2000). NPV is very useful in the world of finance and has been counted as the central tool to appraise the long term projects with the help of discounted cash flow techniques and time value of money factor. NPV is the most powerful tool to analyze a project. Project managers and financial analysts use this particular tool to analyze the actual worth of a project. With the help of this tool a manager becomes able to analyze that whether or not the project will actually increase or decrease the worth of the company. The hurdle rate or Weighted Average Cost of Capital of Project Y is 16%. Mentioned below table analyzes the NPV of project Y. We analyze that, project Y can be accepted easily because of its positive NPV. The main issue here is that there is another project which is Project X and the company has to make a mutually exclusive choice, like they have to select only a single project instead of one. Project X NPV analysis is mentioned below,From this analysis, it can be clearly seen that Project Y will actually increase the worth of the company as the NPV of the company lies in positive term. From the analysis, it is found that the NPV of the company is more than 8.8 million GBP which is very handy from the viewpoint of a company. The cash flow which we have computed through capital budgeting is increasing year on year (YOY) by a reasonable percentage of 8% which then be discounted at a rate of 16% of WACC. Internal Rate of ReturnNow, the comparison is extremely easy. Project Y can increase the worth of the company more than by 8 million GBP, while Project X can only increase the worth by 2.1 million GBP. Hence, the company has to look forward to invest in Project Y rather than in project X. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is another widely used tool to analyze a company or project before taking it. IRR is the rate on which the NPV of the project becomes zero. If the computed IRR comes out greater than the discount or hurdle rate then the project should be taken. Apart from IRR, Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is another tool to analyze the company. MIRR is a rate which initially computes through IRR and then reinvests the same on some rate (Edwin Ruud, 2000). This particular tool is not widely used by the companies to analyze the projects and companies. This is another important tool which has been used by the companies to evaluate the effectiveness of a project. The actual hurdle rate or WACC of the project is 16% and the computed discounted IRR is 108% which is way higher than the actual WACC of the company, hence according to the law, the project must be selected; lets now compute the IRR of project X for the comparison. IRR which is again an important tool is manifesting that project Y is superior to project X because of high amount of NPV and IRR. The discounted IRR of the projects are 108% and 32% of project Y and Project X respectively and the company should go for the larger one. Profitability Index (PI) Profitability index (PI) which is also called the Profit Investment Ratio (PIR) is another widely used ratio in the world of finance. This particular tool is used to rank the projects and it is used with the NPV of the project. If the PI of the project comes more than 1, then one have to invest in this project otherwise one must abrogate the idea of investing in the project (Edwin Ruud, 2000). ConclusionAccording to the rule, will be more than 1 to select. Here the PI is 4 and it should be select accordingly. The entire world is moving with a lightning speed and continuously apprising that the current era is the era of globalization and technology (Edwin Ruud, 2000). Globalization is a situation in which a single effect leaves an ultimate effect over the other thing as well. Due to the globalization, the insurgence of new companies has increased tremendously which is inevitably contributing in the long run economic growth of the companies (Edwin Ruud, 2000). Business decisions are always difficult to take because of it sophisticated nature. There are numerous methods come under the ambit of taking business decisions for an organization. From the entire analysis, it can be said that the company should go with the investment in Project Y rather than Project X. Buy custom Business and Finance essay

Post industrial and information society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Post industrial and information society - Essay Example The transition from manufacturing industry to service sector and putting more emphasis in education in the current society can be described as an information and post industrial society. Information technology is currently employed in the service sector and in communication (Harvey, 1990, p.4). This can describe the present society as post industrial and information technology oriented. A number of countries around the globe are going through a period of information change as a result of post industrial society effects. The features of both post industrial and information societies describe well the current or the present society. But the concept of information society best describes the present society. This is because the present society is majorly characterized with the rapid change in information technology, use of information technology in provision of services and the use of information technology to improve communication from the traditional modes of communication. The post in dustrial society which emphasizes on education to improve the quality of life for humans makes use of information technology to achieve this goal. The post industrial and information societies are share close features. The current world can be described as a joint post industrial and information society. The transition from manufacturing production to service industry is largely aided by the development of information technology. This is part of information society. ... It is characterized by the rise of professionalism and scientists in special areas, and the transition from production of goods to service industry. The information society is a society which involves the establishment, sharing, diffusion, utilization and information manipulation as an important economic, cultural and political activity. Through the economic exploitation of comprehension, wealth is established. Information technology is the prime factor and central to the role of economic production to the society. The present society can be described as an information society in that; it highly embraces the use of information technology in a productive and creative way. The knowledge economy is a counterpart to information society in terms of economy. It involves the creation of wealth by exploitation of understanding economically (Webster, 2006, p. 3). The features which have been experienced in the current society indicate that humans are in a new era of society. The present infor mation society is characterized by information consciousness, advancement of the information sector, empowering information, using information as part of an economic resource, and development of an information industry. Information sector is developed in order to contain the need of information services and facilities by the society. Countries are developing their information sectors in order to keep with the pace of rapidly changing information market internationally. The information sector of several countries is facilitated with telecommunication networks and computers as part of their technological infrastructure (May, 2002, p. 5). To compare the two concepts of post industrial and information societies, there is a transition of the society

Managerial Decision making essay 6 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Decision making 6 - Essay Example Despite the enormous pressures through sanctions and other measures by the US and its allies, Iran has held ground that it will not stop its nuclear programs. After many rounds of negotiations, it is clear that the US cannot achieve its goal of convincing Iran to stop its nuclear programs and hence this stalemate will have to be addressed by approaching the negotiation table using other approaches. In a stalemate negotiation, the issues of concern must shift from hard-line positions to new ones, which will ensure that the fears of each group are met and addressed. In this case, the solution shifts from a competitive approach where each group wants to win, to a new approach where each group wins, that is, a win-win solution (Bazerman & Moore, 2009). In these negotiations, the issues always boil down to US wanting to reduce Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and Iran seeking to maintain them, which leads to a stalemate at the end. In such a negotiation, it is important to identify th e issues of agreement between the two parties, then the issues of contention and hence decide where to compromise and also where necessary come up with new solutions discussed together on the table. Further the two groups must now frame the agendas of the negotiations in a more promising way. Like in any negotiation, cognitive mistakes can happen in such a negotiation. Such mistakes include irrational escalation of commitment, self –serving biases, negotiator overconfidence and issues and problem framing. To avoid irrational escalation of commitment, it is important to have an external advisor, who warns the group when they start acting irrationally when in the heat of the negotiations. In addition, to self-serving biases, it is important for negotiators to listen to others and consider their motivations for their positions in the process (Foreman & Selly, 2001). Negotiator overconfidence may lead negotiators to believe that their

Principles Of Implementing Duty Essay Example for Free

Principles Of Implementing Duty Essay 1. Explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role Duty of care is a requirement that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would. If a persons actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent, and any damages resulting may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence 2. Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals Duty of care contributes to the safeguarding of individuals because as a social care worker you are responsible to; Recognise physical, emotional and psychological needs of individuals by understanding what is required for health and well-being, to observe and record ‘indicators’ of differences and changes and to show empathy and support. Anticipate danger and manage risks by carrying out assessments, avoiding hazards and carrying out health and safety checks Intervene and support in the event of illness and injury by carrying out first aid, seek help or advice, communicate with health professionals and relatives and report to appropriate authority 3. Describe potential conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individual’s rights Sometimes individuals may want to do something which could be a risk to their Health and safety. As a care assistant you have a duty of care to that person and you must do all that you can to keep them safe but you also have a duty to respect the individual’s rights and choice, so you have a dilemma. It could be that the individual no longer wishes to use her walking frame,  but her care plan states that she needs it to move from place to place and you are to ensure you encourage its use. In this scenario you could carry out a risk assessment to ensure that it is managed as safely as possible. You would need to explain the risks involved to the individual and make sure they understand. You could come to a compromise, to use a stick for a while instead, to see how they managed, then monitor the situation. All this should be documented including any risk assessment carried out. If the individual still insists on walking unaided you should get them to sign to say they are aware of the risks involved. 4. Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individual’s rights and the duty of care There are many ways to manage risks associated with conflicts and dilemmas: Allowing individuals to explore with guidance, Making individuals aware of potential hazards and dangers, Allowing individuals to acquire life skills through learning how to cope with risky situations, Staff ignorance, Parents are a risk to staff if reported to social services. 5. Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas Colleagues the person’s family and friends GP Care professionals Advocates Union official Regulators 6. Describe how to respond to complaints listening to the complaint giving the complainant time and respect recording the information reporting to a senior member of staff accessing the Complaints Policy ensuring the complainant has access to the Complaints Policy ensuring the complainant knows what will happen next. Responding to complaints, whether made by a parent or a staff colleague, you should always keep professional and listen to what the person has to say. You should keep calm and by being respectful and apologising when necessary which helps to diffuse potential conflict. Complaints need to be resolved as quickly as possible and constructively to avoid creating a bad atmosphere for all those involved. When responding to a complaint, it is important to listen to the other person’s point of view. You should avoid making personal comments and focus on the facts throughout. Always apologise if you are wrong and explain how you will resolve the situation. 7. Explain the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints The Complaints policy is a recorded and documented procedure that is available. The complainant is listened to and respected. The Complaints Policy is time-based and the complaint is dealt with in a documented time-frame. Complaints are normally dealt with by nominated members of staff. The procedure is clear If a member of staff or a parent wishes to make a complaint they should discuss their complaint with the setting leader first where most complaints can be resolved quickly. If the parent or member of staff is not happy with the outcome they should then put their complaint in writing to the setting leader who can then pass the details onto the owner or chairperson of a committee run setting. The setting will look into the complaint and once they have come to a conclusion the setting leader can arrange a meeting with the person who made the complaint to discuss the outcome. If the person is still not happy with the outcome they can ask for a further meeting with the setting leader and the owner or chairperson where they can also invite a representative. They can then all meet up to try and come to a conclusion.  Everything at this meeting will be noted and recorded. If the complaint can still not be resolved at this meeting then a further meeting can be made where an external mediato r is invited.

The Power of Prayer Essay examples -- Religon Praying Essays

The Power of Prayer Introduction There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence about the efficacy of prayer in healing. As mentioned at the beginning of chapter eight in our text, many people have friends or relatives who recovered from illnesses when someone was praying for them, or who can attest to the power of prayer in other affairs. This makes scientists wonder. Can prayer help heal the sick? Do meditations for the recovery of an ill person, based either on religious faith or on belief in psychokinesis, have any real effect on health? Can science test the power of prayer? Though it requires putting aside the Bible’s warning not to test God, several scientists have designed experiments to try to determine if prayer has an effect on patients with serious long-term diseases. Using many of the statistical tools we learned about in our biostatistics course, scientists have designed experiments to compare the health records of patients who receive standard medical care to those who receive prayer as wel l as standard care. In our presentation, we looked at two studies of this sort. These studies wanted to test the power of prayer as such, and not the psychological effect of a patient feeling that his loved ones are concerned or believing that God will heal him. Accordingly, these experiments were designed using remote intercessory prayer, where the patients were prayed for at a distance by people they did not know. Both tests randomly sorted patients into control and experimental groups – though in one case, the computer matched patients into pairs with similar medical conditions, then randomly assigned the members of each pair. Both tests were designed to be fully blinded, so that the patients did not know i... ...bborn. Many of Leibovici’s proponents have made tried to explain the effects of retroactive intercessory prayer by asserting the non-linear nature of time, which most scientists find ludicrous. The criticisms of these studies make clear that correlation does not imply causation and that scientists will be skeptical of data until reasonable explanations are proposed. Until we can find how prayer works, its â€Å"effects† cannot be strongly linked to it, and until we have more data supporting the effects of prayer that has been properly collected and analyzed, the scientific community will not give much consideration to the claims of a few enthusiasts. In thinking about the goals, methods, and problems of these studies, we wonder if a â€Å"perfect† study could be devised, and if such a study returned significant results, what it would â€Å"prove† about the power of prayer.

The stylistic features of cyber language

With the development and popularization of the Internet, more and more people are added to the Internet communicative activities. Online chat is one of these increasingly popular forms. Since it is open and compatible, it draws the attention of people from all over the world and from every circle. Therefore, the study of cyber language has become a focus of attention. In this paper, under the theory of modern stylistics, the stylistic features of cyber language and its causes were discussed from vocabulary and grammatical levels. The author has demonstrated some lexical features of cyber language with a number of examples.Then, in the second part, the grammatical features have been discussed. And the third part is about the causes of these stylistic features. 1. 1 Background of the Present Study From 1990s, the Internet has gradually spread around the world and a networked, digital information revolution has penetrated into all areas of society. According to the data of U. S. researc h firm (Pew Internet and American Life Project [PIALP], 1999) the number of Chinese net citizens has reached 137 million and would be expected to surpass the United States in 2009, the world's biggest Internet market.Although he history of Network development is not long, it is sweeping across the world with incredible speed and unstoppable trend, and is gradually changing people's concept of survival, status, and mode. With the popularization of network technology, online exchange has become an important part of daily communication. Therefore, a new media has been produced during this process-cyber language. To a large extent, the great influence of social development has contributed a lot to this phenomenon.Many scholars no matter home or abroad have stepped into this area and suggested their own opinions from various aspects. This paper has analyzed the features of cyber language from the stylistic point of view. 1. 2 Purpose of the Present Study Cyber language is an open system of signs. Because of some political and economical factors, more and more English words will come into the field of Internet and play some necessary functions. To some extent, we may say that those English words serve as a complement and development of Chinese characters.As a main informational carrier of Internet media, cyber English reflects the impacts of lexical contact and spread on Chinese characters as well as the cultural influences from English-speaking countries in Informational Era. Research of cyber language has pushed the development of verbal and cross-cultural communication and has practical meaning in aspects of Language Standard, language teaching, the compile of new dictionary as well as the sound development of cyber language and so on. Therefore, it deserves the attention of language workers. . 1 Definition and Explanation 2. 1. 1 Explanation of Online Communication added to the Internet communicative activities. People type letters on keyboard and receive words on screen. Their communication breaks up the boundary of time and space. It is different from the face -to -face communication in general sense. Kiesler, Siegel, and Timothy (1984) think that such computer-mediated exchange activity has two interesting features: 1) lack of social contextual information; 2) lack of widely accepted principle of usage.The first feature prevents the participants from relying on hand gestures, body potential language, facial expressions and other non- linguistic information to explain the text and assist the exchange. The lack of rules makes the traditional communicative rituals broken and gradually a number of Internet specifications which were widely approved have been formed. But as a real- time communicative activity, it is very close to the daily face-to-face oral communication. In real-time communication, the communicator can both receive information and send a message.Receiving and transmitting information is a continuous, uninterrupted process. T his allows the two communicators to exchange feedback in time, adjust and revise the direction and content of the next exchange. Obviously, cyber language has the features of both spoken and written language and it obscures the traditional distinction between oral and written language, forming its own unique style. 2. 1. Definition of Stylistic Tags This paper analyses the stylistic features of cyber language from two perspectives: description and context of language.In the language description, we use the system of stylistic tags to classify the language feature. According to Enkvist and Spenser (1964), stylistic tag is a prominent stylistic feature. Any language project with stylistic meanings can be regarded as a style tag which is the same as the concept of â€Å"salient†in functional stylistics. In his work, Zhang (1998) states: Halliday, founder of Systemic-functional Linguistics thinks that salient is a collective discourse for those rotruding language features in some form of context.Then he classifies those features into two types: one is against the conventional prominent, negative; the other is consistent with conventional prominent, positive. (pp. 21-22) In stylistics, language features are generally divided into four levels: phonology, word position, vocabulary, syntax / grammar. When chat in the net, visual text or punctuation is the only carrier to transmit information, so phonological style tags do not have stylistic sense. We only analyze the word, vocabulary, syntax / grammar style tags.